MEDEA BENJAMIN
Verso, 2013, 246 pages, $24.95 (pb)
‘Never before in the history of warfare’, boasted the Wall
Street Journal, ‘have we been able to distinguish as well between
combatants and civilians as we can with drones’. The Obama administration has helped in this
claim, writes Medea Benjamin in her book on the ‘unmanned aerial vehicle’, by
conveniently defining every military-age male in the strike zone as a
combatant.
The 60% domestic support which drones enjoy in the US rests
largely on the reputation of the drone as “the cost-free magic wand that can
eliminate terror”. ‘Don’t you want the
bad guys to die?’ is the argument used to silence doubters as drone killings of
Taliban and Al Qaeda leaders in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia and north
Africa comes with the bonus of zero American military casualties.
As Benjamin shows, however, the ‘good weapon’ status of the
drone is undeserved. From eight thousand
miles away in Nevada, a drone ‘pilot’ “can watch an Afghan as he lights up a
cigarette … or goes to the bathroom” but the problem is that a “a tall, bearded
man in a robe” who may be a terrorist “can look just like another tall bearded
man in a robe” who isn’t.
The innocent, as wrongly identified targets, are not only
thus killed accidentally but also incidentally as ‘collateral damage’, as
bystanders caught in the blast radius of a drone missile as it strikes a suspected
terrorist. Others to pay with their
lives are those with a ‘pattern of life’ of a militant, an ill-defined category
which accounts for most drone strikes.
So, of the estimated 3,400 people killed by CIA drone strikes in
Pakistan, most have been either innocent civilians or those whose assumed
terrorist sympathies were untested by the right to trial.
The US drone network powers on regardless, turbo-charged by
Washington’s global ‘war on terror’ which has boosted the Pentagon’s drone
fleet from fifty (primarily for battlefield surveillance) a decade ago to 7,500
including 800 of the larger, weaponised drones up to the size of commercial jet
planes. Drone stocks are added to by the
CIA (which operates the most drones), the Department of Homeland Security and
the mercenary forces of Blackwater (now known as Academi).
These agencies pump bucket-loads of recession-proof money
into the veins of corporate America for
the drone hardware, the surveillance software and the missiles. General Atomics, Lockheed Martin, Boeing,
Northrop Grumman, Raytheon all line up for a share of the Pentagon’s annual $5
billion procurement program and the CIA’s unknown amount from its
ultra-secretive ‘black budget’.
Cheaper only in comparison to nine-figure fighter jet price
tags, drones are still mighty expensive (the most popular model, the Predator,
rings up $5 million per drone, the Reaper $28 million) whilst the Hellfire
missile rakes in a tidy $68,000 a pop.
The drone has not completely solved the ethical problem of human
agency, however. Drones have been
explicitly designed to exploit “youth gaming culture”, the drones’ teenage
‘pilots’ trained to adopt a “PlayStation mentality” to real killing. The in-house US military slang for drone
deaths is ‘bugsplat’.
Real-time video-feed, however, allows the ‘pilots’ to
witness the results of their murders up close which can be distressing (“It’s
hard to go home to one’s own family after wiping out someone else’s”, comments
Benjamin) so the ‘pilots’ are taught to compartmentalise their lives between
work and home, and to rationalise their actions as doing a bit of evil in order
to do good, whilst research into enhanced robotisation with pre-programmed,
computer-automated drones seeks to eliminate the “troublesome emotions and consciences”
of even the ‘cubicle warriors’.
Keen to keep the reality of drone warfare from public
consciousness, the White House has recently (after Benjamin’s book went to
press) been forced to cede more transparency and tighter restrictions on drone
use to better manage their image.
This is in response not only to campaigns by anti-war and
anti-drone activists (such as Benjamin, herself) but also because of
Washington’s growing realisation of the harm that drones are doing – not to the
civilians killed by them or who live in constant fear from their ominous
hovering and buzzing but the harm being done to US geo-political interests from
nominal allies such as Pakistan where three quarters of the population now
consider the US an enemy. Obama’s
summary execution of suspected terrorists, rather than Bush’s inhumane
detention and torture, has not solved the US administration’s problems of
international embarrassment and regional hostility.
There are peaceful purposes for non-weaponised surveillance
drones, says Medea. They were used by
governments to check radiation levels at the stricken Fukushima nuclear plant
in Japan and to monitor wildlife after floods in Australia, whilst the anti-whaling
Sea Shepherd uses them to detect illegal whaling in the Pacific Ocean. This, however, is a far cry from, and a
fiscally wasteful gulf between, the state-sponsored assassinations, semi-covert
wars and militarised thinking of the US government.
